Of Mice and Men Intolerance Essay - 842 Words

Of Mice And Men : Intolerance Essay Societies that discriminate against the weak are unjust. In the novel Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck, many characters are unfairly oppressed. Society treats Curley s Wife poorly because she is a woman, Crooks because he is black and Lennie because he is disabled. In the end, intolerance leads to tragedy for each one of them. The character of Crooks is a victim of intolerance and discrimination throughout the novel. Society takes advantage of Crooks and neglects him because of the stereotypes of his skin colour. Crooks is not allowed to enter the bunk house where the white men sleep, or dine with them. He is left with the animals, isolated from everyone and exploited by most of the men on the†¦show more content†¦ â€Å" (Steinbeck 32). Curley s Wife, innocent just like Crooks, is also judged and persecuted by others. She is not even given a name, which does not give her any dignity. Curly’s wife is always called out by the ranc hers. Even after her own tragic death Curley s Wife is still seen as the cause of trouble. Candy believes that Curley s Wife is at fault. Candy lets his anger out on Curley s Wife because he has more power than her, â€Å" You God damn tramp, he said viciously. You done it di n t you? I s pose you re glad. Ever body knowed you d mess things up. You wasn t no good. You ain t no good now, you lousy tart. â€Å" (Steinbeck 95). Candy calling out Curley s Wife represents society treating her as a cast off. Curley s Wife is lonely because she is the only woman on the ranch, however because of this, she is always being treated cruelly and without respect. Lastly there is Lennie Small. Lennie is abused throughout the novel due to his disability. He suffers from developmental disability, causing people to act intolerantly towards him. Curley does not understand Lennie s true intention. When Curley gets embarrassed by Lennie, he feels the need to get back at him without tolerating his disability. When he realizes that Lennie has killed his wife, he takes advantage of the moment, â€Å" That big son of a bitch done it. I know he done it... he worked himself into a fury... I ll shoot im in the guts. â€Å"(SteinbeckShow MoreRelatedOf Mice Men Loneliness Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Of Mice and Men Loneliness Essay Loneliness is an impossible fact of life that nobody can avoid especially during the Great Depression. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, a novella by John Steinbeck shows that in the early 1930s – during the Great Depression – was a period of great loneliness of men and women, therefore people are driven to find friendship in order to escape the loneliness. But barely anyone find the right companionship while a lot of them were still lonely even if they found theirRead MoreWhat Do You Learn About Steinbeck‚Äà ´s View of Human Nature from Reading His Novel ‚Äà ²of Mice and Men‚Äà ´1242 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is about how John Steinbeck represents human nature and the nice and unfavourable qualities people had during the American depression in the 1930s where the story ‘Of Mice and Men’ took place. The story shows the way different people will react diversely to various situations. In this case, living with the trouble of having to travel to faraway places to search for jobs. It shows how some people can behave overly difficult while others can be calm, friendly and easy to live with. The manyRead More A Comparison of the Ideals of Bronte in Jane Eyre and Voltaire in Candide2672 Words   |  11 Pagesbusiness? But, Reverend Father, said Candide, there is a terrible amount of evil in the world. What does it matter, whether theres evil or good? said the dervish. When His Highness sends a ship to Egypt, does he worry about whether the mice in it are comfortable? Then what ought we to do? said Pangloss. Keep quiet, said the dervish. (118)    Candide ascertains that the world was created imperfectly, yet he still should not blame God. The dervish hints at the remedyRead MoreMWDS Candide4817 Words   |  20 PagesArouet, better known as Voltaire, was born in 1694 in Paris, France. Though his father wanted him to become a lawyer, Voltaire long held a great passion for writing, and rather than going to law school, spent his time extensively composing poetry, essays, and historical studies. His widespread recognition as an author was established with the publication of the play â€Å"Oedipus†, a variation on the original Greek tragedy, in 1718. In 1726, after a fight with a French nobleman, Voltaire was exiled toRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesprobable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus Day, October 12. Here is some relevant background information to reduce your

Sony Corporate - 4491 Words

1 Introduction Sony was a leading global electronics company but now is almost well-known by making losses. In 2012, Sony’s chief executive Kazuo Hirai announced that the firm will shed 10,000 staff which working in businesses that are being sold in major reorganization. Sony also emphasizes that it will focus its business on three core areas: digital imaging, games consoles and mobile devices. Finally, it also discussed the reasons why Sony needs to cut jobs and the layoffs will help Sony transfer their position from loss to profit. The first measure is researching the secondary data which can help managers to make correct decisions. Managers should collect and choose the valuable data from the massive database. Furthermore,†¦show more content†¦Sony will also to explore the establishment of industry alliance mode on the electric car battery and the energy storage module business areas. Colour TV business also needs to be optimized; the target is in the 2013 fiscal year to achieve profitability. Sony has sold stake with Samsung joint venture LCD panel plant , in fiscal year 2012 TV model was reduced by about 40% than the 2011 fiscal year , so that the television business fixed operational cost by 60%, reduce operating costs 30%. Sony will research, development of OLED, direct LED and other new types of display, and use of the content advantage to enhance colour television product differentiation. And then, Sony will focus its resources on digital video, games and mobile in order to promote the survival and growth of electronic business. While medical and 4 K (1080P HD four times the resolution) technologies, is Sony long-term breed† focus. Sony has launched medical printers, monitors, video recorders and other medical products, and strives to this business in the fiscal year 2014 reach 500billion yen scale. Sony was planning to enter the field of life sciences, has acquired a production cell analyzer iCyt company, as well as the production of medical and diagnostic equipment of Micronics company, willShow MoreRelatedcorporate strategy-sony Essay2386 Words   |  10 PagesToday’s Sony 5. Recommendation 6. Conclusion 7. Reference 1. Executive Summary Sony started the business as a small electronics shop and after 67 years hard works, Sony has became one of leading entertainment company in the world now. Keep innovate on new technology is one of the core element to make continue success of Sony. Moreover, Sony has became a global conglomerate corporate group, so to keep organization growth and sustain in a long run, corporate strategyRead MoreSony s Corporate Brand Identity974 Words   |  4 PagesBackground Sony is one of the largest consumer electronics manufacturers in the world. It has introduced various high quality products such as the Play Station series product line. However, Sony has not managed to have a positive net income and has faced six net loss in the last seven years. Aiming for a turning a round, Sony declares a goal of $4.8 million of operating profit in the fiscal year 2017 and targets a 10% return on equity (the Economist, 2015). Sony’s business strategy to is to restructureRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Sony Corporation1505 Words   |  7 PagesSony Corporation’s is one of the world’s largest corporations. Sony was founded in 1946 with its headquarter in Japan. It produces a variety of products, such as consumer’s devices, gaming, and communication devices. Its invention of the portable tape recorder was the break that the company needed in order to grow and enter other markets. (Corporate Info, 2015). Corporation’s ma in purpose is to achieve the highest profit and to satisfy the stakeholder involved (Krishnan, 2011). This encapsulatedRead MoreVideo and Sony1179 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Sony was founded in 1945 by partners Masaru Ibuka, (an engineer), and Akio Morita, (a physicist),and was originally named Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering). The firm was launched in Nihonbashi, Tokyo. Four years later the company developed and produced Japans’ first magnetite-coated, paper-based recording tape, called Soni-Tape. In 1955, the firm began using Sony logo on Totsuko products. The group also launched Japan s first transistor radio, the TR-55, duringRead MorePS4 Situational Analysis1358 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION: Sony is a Japan based company that operates in over 180 countries worldwide. (Company Profile for Sony Corporation, 2011) Sony was co-founded by Masaru Ibuka and Aki Miruta in 1946 and since then has grown into an international multimillion dollar company (Sony Corporation, 2014). Ibuka and Miruta originally started out manufacturing measuring equipment (Sony Corporation, 2014), and have expanded into more complex technological solutions, such as laptops, gaming consoles, and communicationsRead MoreThe Organization s Vision, Mission, Values825 Words   |  4 Pagesclients, shareholders, employees, business partners and local communities. With an aim to become one of the most principled companies in the world, Samsung continues to guide its employees and run the monitoring systems, while having a fair and clear corporate management. (Samsung.com, 2015) Organisation Mission: Samsung is dedicated to providing the best services and the products that the clients need to meet the challenges and business goals. †¢ Make efforts to recognize the needs and requirements ofRead MoreCase Study Analysis : Sony Corporation1217 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: This report discusses about the questions faced by Sony Corporation in Hong Kong during 2010-2011 prior to the launch of its flagship VAIO series laptops. VAIO, regarded as a â€Å"statement computer† for its unique features had an exclusive appeal among the brand and style conscious users. The product manager in Hong Kong, Richard Lopez had a hard choice to make to identify the market segment for the VAIO laptop computers in China. To make matters worst, he had four market research reportsRead MoreSony Case Study - Resources, Capabilities and Core Competencies1544 Words   |  7 Pagescapabilities and core competencies? Does Sony have a sustainable competitive advantage? Sony Corporation is considered one of the world’s most successful companies, operating in the â€Å"electronics, games, music, films and financial services† industry (Hanson et al, 2001). Sony is known for creating â€Å"products that stimulate the senses and refresh the spirit† (Sony, 2007). Effectively managing a combination of its resources, capabilities and core competencies, has allowed Sony to create a strong sustainableRead MoreSony Ethics1503 Words   |  7 PagesSony â€Å"Sony. Like no other.†, is Sony Corporations slogan and one could not describe it better. Sony is a multinational conglomerate that is a leading manufacturer of electronics, video, communications, and information technology. Sony is among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders. However Sony is just like its slogan states, â€Å"Like no other†. In 2005 Sony incorporated the Extended Copy Protection and MediaMax CD-3 on a total of 102 different titles of music CDs. This company that seemedRead MoreBusiness Strategies Of Sony Corporation1775 Words   |  8 Pagespaper is to suggest investing in Sony Corporation, one of the most recognized names in consumer electronics. â€Å"Sony was established shortly after World War Two in the form of an electronic manufacturing company† (Sony). â€Å"Around the 1990s, Sony converted itself from an electronics manufacturer to a global entertainment company establishing a leading position in music, movies and com puter gaming† (Sony Corporation Japan). With various sub-divisions of the company Sony remains versatile, with each department

Citizenship Free Essays

The issue that we have been researching and investigating in class is alcohol education in school, so that we can campaign and raise some kind of awareness for alcohol education as a regular lesson in all schools throughout Britain. The reason for this is because we feel and have noticed that young adults in their teen years are drinking regularly on a daily basis and a part of that main reason might actually be the fact that we don’t have any real education to teach us about the dangerous effects of alcohol and this leaves them vulnerable when drinking. Robert Prefer, under of the rehab centre Sober College, said,† Vive seen an increase in risky behavior in young adults over the last year, I think that alcohol education programs should be introduced â€Å". We will write a custom essay sample on Citizenship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alcohol abuse is becoming an increasing important topic among teenage school students. Although we try to teach students to not to EVER start drinking and that it’s illegal to for a minor to consume alcohol, the reality is that they will be likely to try it before they finish secondary school college. â€Å"Let’s pay Dry. Curry, who is the dean of the College of Public Health at the University of Iowa. You may want to take a look at how you are drinking. If it escalates, you’re at risk, but you can change that now. † I know what most young adults drink for social reasons or because they want to ‘impress’ some people they may know, but they don’t know any of the negative effects that can happen afterwards. Drinking today is much more open than it has been years ago. It’s only because of the numerous equipments that have access to the media and advertisements. Whilst researching the current law regarding alcohol I found out that the teen must be 18 or up before he or she can u or drink alcohol beverages. Lastly, it is against the law for your teenager/sees to possess alcohol on any street, highway, or public place, carry alcohol in a car, or be a passenger in carrying alcohol unless accompanied by parent of legal guardian. The problems that can arise from drinking, can involve around sicknesses, addiction, social behavior and even death! When we buy alcohol we have the responsibility to look after ourselves and not drink way too much but then again we have the right to purchase alcohol at the age of 18. My first argument is about getting behind the wheel while being drunk. Statistics suggest that 60 percent of teenage deaths in car accidents are related to alcohol. Motor vehicle crashes remain the number one cause of death among teens aged 1 5 to 20. A few reasons why a drunk teenager might get behind the wheel is not wanting to get in trouble by calling parents, friends, etc. Another reason can be that the teenage boy or girl might feel that there isn’t another way to get home. I’m pretty sure that teens that get behind the wheel after consuming major amounts of alcohol don’t even think about any of the consequences that can occur. They might also think that is not a big deal and that it’s alright to do if other teens do the same. For all teens, the risk of involvement in a motor vehicle accident is greater than it is for older drivers. Teens that drink and drive are more likely to get into an accident than if their parents drink and drive. In fact, a teenage boy with a . 05 blood alcohol concentration is 18 times more likely to suffer an accident than a teen that does not drink. Also three out of four teen drivers that were killed in a crash as a result from drinking and riving were not wearing their stables. Teens, such as African Americans, are even less likely to wear their settable in the car than their Caucasian friends are. Teens are more likely to participate in dangerous situations and terrible circumstances. I also read studies by SAD that found out 28. Percent of teens from the age of 14-19, rode one or more times in a car with someone who had been drinking as the driver. Half of teen deaths from motor vehicle accidents happen between 3:00 P. M. And midnight. Moreover, 54 percent happen on a Friday, Saturday, or Sunday. Eight teens ii daily as the result of an alcohol related car accident. 1,500 teens, ages 15-20 die in car accidents every year. There is no reason why a teen should drink and drive. We shouldn ’t let teenage peer pressure or other influences affect the decision to not drink and drive. Being part of a teenager is making mistakes and growing up; drunk driving is a mistake that someone may have to carry with themselves for the rest of their life. ‘There is no reason why a teen should drink and drive. There are always other things that can be done rather than getting behind the wheel† says Dry. Tania Doorman from the University of Bath. This argument is telling us we need alcohol education because teenagers from our school shouldn’t be dieing in car accidents, because they weren’t taught anything about risks. Also we need to be more positive and stress that most our of students are responsible and that we are are not worried about them drinking and driving when we really are. Research shows that 1 out of 8 people have sex under the influence of alcohol. Mixing sex with too much alcohol could leave you with more than you earned for. The SE of alcohol can affect anything and it’s very easy to forget about using a condom or taking the pill which could leave you vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections, an unwanted pregnancy or a night you regret with someone that you’re not even attracted to. Choosing to have sex for the first time can make you feel different kinds of emotions. You might feel excited, stressed, scared and nervous all at once. Drinking to deal with these conflicting feelings may be an important factor when people lose their virginity. Like other drugs, alcohol drinking can seem like a good dead if you’re nervous about being naked in front of another person, or worried about ‘getting it right’ in bed. But studies show that nearly one third of teens said they were unhappy with the way they lost their virginity, because they were too drunk. It also doesn’t help that too much alcohol can affect men’s sexual performance. Dry. Joyce Bam of INCH commented on the â€Å"increased and intensified† message in schools concerning the down side of teen sex: â€Å"Given how many of those efforts are going on,† Bam said, â€Å"it is probably making an impact on both abstinence and responsible sexual behavior. † Also, the consequence of not using some kind of birth control pills is that you or your partner could get pregnant. The I-J currently has one of the highest teenage pregnancies. Not using a condom because you’ve been drinking could mean facing parenthood longing before you feel ready. Also, a SACS reporter stated, â€Å"60 percent of college women, who have acquired sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS and genital herpes, were under the influence of alcohol at the time they had intercourse. Planning ahead is a good idea. If you think hat you’re likely to have sex, stay away from too much alcohol. † This is telling us we need alcohol education because we could warn students about the effects of sex that I have listed above. Another reason why we need alcohol education for this argument is to keep our students safe, make them not do decisions they will regret in the future. They might not have support at home from their parents or guardians but they could rely on us if we had these types of organizations. We could either protect a female student from getting pregnant while alcohol education in BECK is formed or to which would then make us really weak and no one would support our campaign. Adolescents should be the healthiest people on the planet, the â€Å"almost grown ups† still young and full of dreams for the future. But today’s adolescents are a troubled generation. Far from being the healthiest time of life, adolescence is instead a period of risk and vulnerability. According to scientists, bodies that are still growing and undeveloped are the ones that get involved with drinking, drugs and sex. And evidence shows British teenagers are among those exposed to the greatest threats. While puberty takes adolescents into a period of risky behavior powered by their hormones, their brains are still vulnerable to the effects of activities such as drinking and drug taking. Scientist, Jay Square said â€Å"the adolescent brain is handicapped in the rational assessment of risk and prone to â€Å"hot cognitions†. These decisions are influenced by exciting or stressful conditions which adults are better able to get rid of than teens. The modern teenager is taking longer than ever to grow up as social changes have added years to education and delayed marriage. Or basically the average teen is taking longer to ‘settle down’. Eighteen years of age is no longer regarded as the start of adulthood. Fifty years ago, people married and started families at this age. Today over three times more young people are in further education and most spend years in work before marrying and ‘settling down’. US researchers warned I-J researchers last year that heavy drinking during the teenage years, when the brain is still growing, can affect the brain, particularly the development of memory and the ability to tell what is on a map. Adolescents should vive life, and have fun. Diseases from drinking alcohol need to be mentioned in alcohol education, not to scare the students and never make them drink alcohol but to let them know they’re responsible for how much they want to drink and when they feel like doing it. Alcohol metabolism could be explained later on how the body breaks down and eliminates alcohol from the body because everyone’s bodies are different. Our Job would be to let them know everything about what happens after you drink alcohol under-age when you’re brain and other parts of your body are still developing. My last argument is about what happens to your body after you drink a few glasses or shots of alcohol and if you really want all that to happen to you. When you take a drink, about 20 percent of the alcohol is absorbed in your stomach and the remaining 80 percent is absorbed in your small intestine. But usually after the alcohol is absorbed, it enters your bloodstream and is carried throughout your body. As the alcohol acts upon the body, the body is working really hard to remove it. The kidneys and lungs remove about 10 percent of the alcohol in the urine and the How to cite Citizenship, Papers Citizenship Free Essays Citizenship and Friendship is a piece from †Habits of the Heart’, which is written by Robert N. Bellah and associates. This passage talks about how the definition of friendship changes over time in American communities. We will write a custom essay sample on Citizenship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bellah says that classical ideas of friendship in early America contains three important elements that †Friends must enjoy one another’s company, friends must be useful to one another, and friends must share a common commitment to the good†. According to Bellah, the first two elements still exist at present days, but the third component seems being abandoned by people today. I disagree with Bellah’s idea because I think the third component, sharing a common commitment to the good, is still regarded as an important part of friendship. People reveal the third trait by donating, by volunteering and by agreeing to political stands. (T) Many people donate funds to foreign countries for helping them, and therefore, they establish an international friendship. (R) According to the passage, traditional view of friendship is â€Å"not merely private: they are public, even political,for a civic order†. E)Like Bellah mentions, some people combine resources with only one goal and that is to help others, regardless their backgrounds. (E)For example, in the earthquake in 2008 in China, Japanese Government donated 5,300,000,000 Yen(approximately 5000,000 USD) to the earthquake. It was the second largest donation from all of the foreign countries. As we all know, Japan had aggressed China in World War II. These two countries had a really bad relationship in recent hundred years. However, Japan gave such a great help regardless the political disagreements, when China suffered disasters. Besides Japan donating money, they also sent volunteers , food supplies, shelters and medical attentions. (A) Japan placed the public good ahead of its political conflicts. They developed a friendship by providing resources such as money and volunteers to help china to recover from the earthquake. (C) The third element of friendship is maintained by providing helps without politics standing in the way. (T) People who work together for volunteer can establish a strong friendship. R) †But friendships were by no means confined to local communities in early American society,† Bellah says, â€Å"Particularly where a common cause united them, people of quire different backgrounds could become friends. † (E) The friendship derived from volunteering has a great strength because those volunteers are sharing the common goal, which is to serve for the society. (E)Tracing back to my high school year, I had an experience to be a volunteer to teach kids who could not afford the tuition. At that time, I met one of my best friends. We worked together for several weeks, but we seldom talked to each other. Until one day, we were assigned a work, which was designing an activity for children’s day. We became close through discussing and working on the assignment. We started chatting about the reason we came for the volunteer and the view for the future. Surprisingly, she understand my thought better than any of my friends. I felt our heart was so close in touch. We kept contacting each other after the volunteer and exchanged our views frequently. She was acting like a soulmate in life. (A)I think the reason we can be so close is because we have the same value and same concern to the public good. Volunteer is the linkage bind us together. C)Volunteering shows that the third component of friendship is important for people to establish a friendship and maintain the strength of that friendship. (T) In front of political disagreement, people choose to put common concern for the public good ahead of any individual conflicts. (R)The passage says †Their reconciliation after a period of bitter estrangement illustrates their capacity to put their common concern for the public good ahead of their Partisan disagreements† (e) Some people choose to abandon their original political stand and put the common concern on the first place for benefiting the nation. E)Here, I want to talk about Barack Obama and Hilary Clinton. This two people were both candidates for the election five years ago. Even though they were both in Democratic party, they emphasized the different point of views. Obama and Clinton disagreed on few issues since 2005. For instance, Obama voted the Mandate, which forces automaker to achieve 40 mile-per-gallon average fuel economy by the year 2017. Meanwhile, Clinton rejected it. Moreover, Clinton voted for using force in Iraq. However, Obama fought against Wars. Cliton and Obama became friends after they work together. I consider Hillary a strong friend. † Obama said in CBS 60’ minutes. (A) Clinton put away her original view and func tioned as a coherent unit with Obama for benefiting the people in America. (C)As a result, Obama and Clinton developed their friendship because they worked for the same goal for their nation. Overall, the third component can be shown by donating, volunteering, and agreeing to political stands. Sharing the same commitment to the good are still one of the most important elements of friendship today. It’s the key of establishing and maintaining a true friendship. How to cite Citizenship, Essay examples Citizenship Free Essays This part of the essay will focus on why citizenship has become such a significant political issue in the UK. It will highlight what citizenship Is, who gets the citizenship and what the problems are that are affecting the country. Citizenship Is about being actively Involved In society; It Is a clear concept concerning migration and legal status which Is formed of having the rights to stay In the country, rights to enter freely and rights to welfare and education. We will write a custom essay sample on Citizenship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Citizenship has become a significant political issue in the UK because of the mass majority of people who grant here from their countries in order to build a life in the I-J. The country is getting over populated with immigrants and eastern European people, these individuals are coming to the country and are taking on work which pays less than the minimum wage which can at times deprive citizens getting Jobs. Doing the life In the UK test to qualify for citizenship has proven to be insignificant due to the Inconsistency of the questions one ought to study: The report Is endorsed by the Revered. Lord Roberts, the Vice-Chalk of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Migration quote ‘examining the test and Its role In British Immigration policy. My report concluded that the test Is impractical;’ published the first independent and comprehensive report examining the test and its role in British immigration policy. My report concluded that the test is impractical, inconsistent and contains serious gender imbalance rendering it unfit for purpose’ (migrants rights). Furthermore less than the majority even knows how to fluently speak English which invalidates how or what the questions on the SOL version of the life in the UK test teaches, although the government introduced these test to enforce migrants to participate in society it isn’t worked well, these people are studying for the test in order to pass and benefit from what the country has to offer to those who are British citizens. Although the government has been reinforcing new rules and regulation that makes It hard for immigrants to obtain visas and are tougher on Asylum seekers now days, the country Is still growing In migrants who either come and do labor work for low wages which impacts on those skilled workers getting good paid work and those migrants have no sense of dependency, they come to the UK expecting a better life for no hard work NY type of work at all, this is where the political problem occurs. Citizenship By Loretta political issue in the I-J. It will highlight what citizenship is, who gets the citizenship Citizenship is about being actively involved in society; it is a clear concept concerning migration and legal status which is formed of having the rights to stay in the country, significant political issue in the I-J because of the mass majority of people who Doing the life in the UK test to qualify for citizenship has proven to be insignificant due to the inconsistency of the questions one ought to study: The report is endorsed y the Revered. Lord Roberts, the Vice-chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Migration quote ‘examining the test and its role in British immigration policy. My report concluded that the test is impractical;’ published the first independent and what the questions on the SOL version of the life in the I-J test teaches, although government has been reinforcing new rules and regulation that makes it hard for is still growing in migrants who either come and do labor work for low wages which sense of dependency, they come to the I-J expecting a better life for no hard work. How to cite Citizenship, Papers

Macroeconomics for Turbotrain Grande Vitesse- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMacroeconomics for Turbotrain Grande Vitesse. Answer: Under the concept of consumer behavior, two goods can be used as substitute if they can fulfill the same utility of a consumer. Hence, a consumer has option to choose any one product among all alternative ones (Furrer et al., 2016). If the price of one commodity increases, the demand of its substitute good increases, as well. Air travel is used to move from one place to another within short time. High-speed rail (HSR) services are used as substitute to air travel. Some instances of well-known HSR services are Shinkansen in Japan, Turbotrain Grande Vitesse in France and Intercity-Express in Germany (Albalate, Bel Fageda, 2015). People can choose any one mode of transportation, as both offers high-speed transport facility. Increasing fare of air transport can decrease its demand, which in turn can increase the demand for high-speed rail. The concept of complementary good has occurred, when two goods are consumed in conjunction. Hence, by consuming a product individually, a consumer cannot receive any utility (Hecking Panke, 2015). Thus, increase in price of one product can decrease the demand of its associated product while the opposite reaction can also be occurred if the price of one commodity increases. The chief complementary good for regular air travel is petrol (Mattioli Anable, 2017). Hence, the price of air ticket can be increased if the petrol price has increased significantly, which in turn can decrease the demand of air travel. Figure 1: Impact of complementary price increase Source: (created by author) In the above figure, petrol price has decreased by P0 P1 unit, which in turn has helped an airline company to buy more petrol at lower price. Hence, the price of airline ticket can decrease which further can increase the demand of air travel. The shifting of airtravel demand curve from D0 to D1 represents this phenomenon. References: Albalate, D., Bel, G., Fageda, X. (2015). Competition and cooperation between high-speed rail and air transportation services in Europe.Journal of transport geography,42, 166-174. Furrer, M. A., Roth, B., Kiss, B., Nguyen, D. P., Boxler, S., Burkhard, F. C., ... Studer, U. E. (2016). Patients with an orthotopic low pressure bladder substitute enjoy long-term good function.The Journal of urology,196(4), 1172-1180. Hecking, H., Panke, T. (2015). The global markets for coking coal and iron oreComplementary goods, integrated mining companies and strategic behavior.Energy Economics,52, 26-38. Mattioli, G., Anable, J. (2017). Gross polluters for food shopping travel: An activity-based typology.Travel Behaviour and Society,6, 19-31.

Blooming Trinity Essay Research Paper English 1302018October free essay sample

Blooming Trinity Essay, Research Paper English 1302.018 October 11, 2000 Blooming Three In the verse form? When Lilacs Last In The Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D? , by Walt Whitman, three of import symbols are introduced. These symbols of a star, the lilac, and a bird exhibit Whitman? s transcendental philosophy and service as an allusion to Abraham Lincoln? s life and decease. Whitman? s poesy, through these symbols, opens a window to the predominating societal attitudes, moral beliefs, and cultural temperament of his clip through his allusions to President Lincoln. To understand Whitman? s poesy one must foremost cognize something about the poet himself. Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819 in Long Island New York. Whitman disliked the thought of going a carpenter like his male parent and opted to seek his ain luck. The publication of Leafs of Grass, Whitman? s major literary work, was a major turning point in Whitman? s life. ? Before, he was a instructor, pressman, journalist, carpenter, and more. We will write a custom essay sample on Blooming Trinity Essay Research Paper English 1302018October or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After, no affair what else he did, he was a poet? ( Wiener 14 ) . Whitman? s strong resistance to slavery gave him jobs subsequently on as in life. Langston Hughes relates when he says? [ Whitman ] had been an editor of the Brooklyn Eagle, but was fired at that place in 1948, because he refused to back up Governor Cass of Michigan who advocated the continuance of bondage? ( Wiener 196 ) . Whitman greatly influenced many people of his clip period but besides was influenced by other authors. Russell Blankenship, a professor at the University of Washington, relates this fact when he says that Whitman was? influenced by the august American author and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson? ( Wiener 106 ) . Emerson is normally known as a transcendentalist. A transcendentalist is a individual who is? idealistic and optimistic. They believed they could happen replies to whatever they were seeking. All they had to make was larn to read, through their intuition, the external symbols of nature and i nterpret them into religious facts? ( Brulatour ) . Whitman? s transcendental philosophy is important in? When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D? because of the usage of three symbols that serve as an allusion to Abraham Lincoln? s life and decease. President Abraham Lincoln was one of our state? s greatest presidents. Lincoln? s low beginnings and rise to go arguably the most powerful individual in the United States are a great representation of the American thought that anyone can go anything he aspires to be. One of Lincoln? s major parts was his engagement in the Civil War. As commanding officer and head of the Union ground forces, Lincoln had the duty of working with the generals of the brotherhood ground forcess to get the better of the Confederate ground forcess. Lincoln, like Whitman, besides felt that bondage was an abomination and? on January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared everlastingly free those slaves within the Confederacy. ? ( White House. ) After the Union ground forces won the war, President Lincoln was assassinated while watching a drama in Ford? s Theatre, Washington. The state? s bereavement was displayed as? a crowd of grievers gathered at each railroad station as the funeral train rolled westward toward the Illinois prairie, to Springfield, where Abraham Lincoln was buried. ? ( Groiler ) . Whitman? s verse form, ? When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D, ? efforts to demo the bereavement of a state every bit good as Whitman? s personal unhappiness. In the verse form? Where Lilacs Last In The Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D? the lilac has generated diverse readings. When I foremost read? Where Lilacs Last In The Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D? I thought of the lilacs as stand foring beauty and love, presumptively for the late president. Yet, with farther reading, I found that there are several other readings. Edwin Miller, a professor of English at New York University and recognized Whitman bookman, interprets the? branchlet as the season O f metempsychosis, the sense of odor ( The? get the hanging olfactory property? ) , twenty-four hours and physical life, love as the recollection of decease ( the lilac as a flowered testimonial on the casket ) ? ( Miller 187 ) . Another reading, by Kenneth Burke, writer of? Policy Made Personal: Whitman? s Verse and Prose? Salient Traits? , provinces? . . . the broken? branchlet? of lilac as the star? dropt in the dark? ; the? aroma strong? of the lilacs? in the dooryard looking an old farm-house, ? the olfactory property of the? corsages? placed upon the coffin, ? ( Miller 188 ) . Both readings by Burke and by Miller indicate that the lilac is most likely representative of the flowers placed on the coffin at Lincoln? s decease. Through the usage of the lilac in the verse form we come to understand that it is a realistic symbol with deeper significance. Whitman? s transcendental philosophy shows itself in the verse form by the usage of the lilac as a representation to Lincoln? s dece ase. Another symbol in? Where Lilacs Last In The Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D? is a bird described as a? lone? , ? grey-brown? thrush. When I foremost read? Where Lilacs Last In The Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D, ? my readings of the bird included the possibility of Lincoln? s spirit, freedom, or even his idiosyncrasy. I thought of the thrush and Lincoln? s idiosyncrasy because Lincoln appeared as a lone person in the bulk of the images I have seen him in. I went back to my readings and found that in Miller? s reading? the bird has been associated with love, insight as cognition of decease, the? idea of mortality? and the poetic procedure itself ( the bird as the? brother? of the supporter ) ? ( Miller 187 ) . Burke takes another point of position when he relates that? the thrush besides has a complex symbolic intent: it is decease, love, poetic procedure, but more. Traditionally the bird is associated with the flight of the psyche after the decease of the organic structure? ( Miller 189 ) . I p articularly admired Burke? s input with the flight of the psyche. I concluded that the thrush in this verse form could be seen as a symbol of President Lincoln? s spirit or psyche and the? warbling vocal? of the thrush as either a bereavement vocal or possibly a vocal observing a great spirit. The last of the three symbols in? Where Lilacs Last In The Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D? is the star. The symbol of the? Western Star? is evidently a direct relation to President Lincoln since Lincoln was from Illinois, which was a western province at that clip. I besides thought of the star as something that was lighting, olympian, or possibly a mention to the American flag. Miller? s reading was that the star? has elicited greater understanding because of its obvious association with the President? s decease, although the symbol has been extended to included decease itself or the Western construct of decease? ( Miller 187 ) . After reading this reading, I besides thought that the star could be a representation of the rhythm of life. The forenoon: relating to birth and childhood ; the twenty-four hours: relating to maturity and old age ; and the starry dark: decease and liquors. Burke states that? the? drooping? star, the broken? branchlet? of lilac, and the supporter? s psyche before the blackwash which? sank? as the star? dropt in the dark? ( Miller 189 ) . The psyche of President Lincoln was non the lone thing that? sank? , both the state? s and Whitman? s lesson were besides unfavourably affected by decease of the President. In? When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D? Whitman speaks of a? three? . The three is normally recognized as a symbol of the Father, Son, and the Holy Ghost but in? When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom? vitamin D? the three is one symbol stand foring three more. The symbols of the lilac, the thrush, and the star come together into one three to demo Whitman? s transcendental philosophy and service as an allusion to Abraham Lincoln? s life and decease. 370 Brulatour, Meg. What is American Transcendentalism? 1 Oct. 2000

Common Anions Table and Formulas List

Common Anions Table and Formulas List An anion is an  ion  that has a negative charge. Here is a table listing common anions and their formulas: Table of Common Anions Simple Anions Formula Hydride H- Oxide O2- Fluoride F- Sulfide S2- Chloride Cl- Nitride N3- Bromide Br- Iodide I- Oxoanions Formula Arsenate AsO43- Phosphate PO43- Arsenite AsO33- Hydrogen Phosphate HPO42- Dihydrogen Phosphate H2PO4- Sulfate SO42- Nitrate NO3- Hydrogen Sulfate HSO4- Nitrite NO2- Thiosulfate S2O32- Sulfite SO32- Perchlorate ClO4- Iodate IO3- Chlorate ClO3- Bromate BrO3- Chlorite ClO2- Hypochlorite OCl- Hypobromite OBr- Carbonate CO32- Chromate CrO42- Hydrogen Carbonate or Bicarbonate HCO3- Dichromate Cr2O72- Anions from Organic Acids Formula Acetate CH3COO- Formate HCOO- Other Anions Formula Cyanide CN- Amide NH2- Cyanate OCN- Peroxide O22- Thiocyanate SCN- Oxalate C2O42- Hydroxide OH- Permanganate MnO4- Writing Formulas of Salts Salts are compounds composed of cations bonded to anions. The resulting compound carries a neutral electrical charge. For example, table salt, or sodium chloride, consists of the Na cation bonded to the Cl- anion to form NaCl. Salts are hygroscopic, or tend to pick up water. This water is called water of hydration. By convention, the cation name and formula are  listed before the anion name and formula. In other words, write the cation on the left and the anion on the right. The formula of a salt is: (cation)m(anion)n ·(#)H2O where the H2O is omitted if the # is zero, m is the oxidation state of the anion, and n is the oxidation state of the anion. If m or n is 1, then no subscript is written in the formula. The name of a salt is given by: (cation)(anion) (prefix)(hydrate) where the hydrate is omitted if there is no water. Prefixes indicate the number of water molecules or can be used in front of the cation and anion names in cases where the cation (usually) can have multiple oxidation states. Common prefixes are: Number Prefix 1 mono 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa 7 hepta 8 octa 9 nona 10 deca 11 undeca For example, the compound strontium chloride consists of the cation Sr2 combined with the anion Cl-. It is written SrCl2. When the cation and/or the anion is a  polyatomic ion, parentheses may be used to group the atoms in the ion together to write the formula. For example, the salt ammonium sulfate consists of the cation NH4 and the sulfate anion SO42-. The formula of the salt is written as (NH4)2SO4. The compound calcium phosphate consists of the calcium cation Ca2 with the anion PO43- and is written as Ca3(PO4)2. An example of a formula that includes water of hydrate is that of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. Note that the name of the salt includes the oxidation state of copper. This is common when dealing with any transition metal or rare earth. The formula is written as CuSO4 ·5H2O. Formulas of Binary Inorganic Compounds Combining cations and anions to form binary inorganic compounds is simple. The same prefixes are applied to indicate the quantities of cation or anion atoms. Examples include the name of water, H2O, which is dihydrogen monoxide, and the name of NO, which is nitrogen dioxide. Cations and Anions in Organic Compounds The rules for naming and writing the formulas of organic compounds are more complex. In general, the name follows the rule: (group prefixes)(longest carbon chain prefix)(highest root bond)(most important group suffix)

Indian Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Indian Economy - Research Paper Example Another feature of an emerging market is proper governance and India is being governed by a very rational and open-minded parliament. Some credit also goes to Indian army for that as India has never faced Military coups or any other embarrassing situation like that where power is snatched from the representative of the people and given to one sole dictator. This economics stability has earned India a title of "Largest democracy in the world". One must keep in mind is that economic stability is imperative for fast growth. The reason behind why countries around India who are blessed with the same natural characteristics as India and high populations have never been able to reach the level of India, when it comes to economic growth. Almost all countries surrounding India suffer from instable political system and periods of military coups occasionally, but the real credit goes to patriotic Indian army, which has never been temped into launching a coup against their own people. This has e arned India a escalated position not only in the Asian economics but also in the world economics, where Indian case studies adorn the history, present and future. (theindianpolitics, 2009) A land of around 1.5 billion people, India's climb in the social and economic spheres has been tremendous over the past few years. During this time, India has grown from strength to strength. Proving all its doubters wrong, India is reaching great new heights at a very fast pace. This growth of India is not confined only to their economy, but let it be any facet; India is growing rapidly in an attempt to escalate to nadir. India is leaving its mark on just economic progress and development but all sphere of life or all fields where it can grow any further. For example, social growth of India can be judged by the fact that entire Asia is intimating European culture, but Europe and Western Nations are intimating India's culture. India's film industry, "bollywood" has penetrated western market and became the second largest film industry of the world after Hollywood. This great success of bollywood and Indian culture has given India exposure to far flung areas and contributed heavily in the recognition of India all around the world. As a result of all this factors and blessed with tremendous amount of useful natural resources, such as cheap and skilled labor, tropical climate, great fertile land etc. (Vyas, 2003) India has become a business hub and all trading and business activities are diverting towards India. Owing to all these factors and great trust shown by the foreign investor towards India, Bombay Stock Market is growing around 17% annually which is comparable to the richest stock markets like New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) etc. Apart from the rise in Money markets such as stock exchange, India has also grown four-fold in its retail sectors. Almost every product whether big or small, technological or manual, mechanical or electrical is being produced in India and is being distributed through a well-developed chain of proper infrastructure and distribution channel. This organized retail sector is dominated by industrial and manufacturing giants like Tata, Pantaloons, Reliance and AirTel. These firm have made India recognizable allover the world. India's recent economic trends have forced even the most cautious of the economists to believe that India is going to be the next big economy of the world. The economy has been a star in the last few years growing from

Mission and Values of Loyola Marymount University Essay

Mission and Values of Loyola Marymount University - Essay Example If my friends are going bungee jumping or parasailing I usually will find that I have something pressing that needs to be attended to immediately, such as tidying my sock drawer. The issue is not if I ever take risks; I do. The real issue for me is deciding if the risk warrants the reward. Fr. Robert Lawton’s words have helped me to see that taking risks in order to discover who I really am during my college career are risks that will pay great rewards. Who doesn’t want to have happiness and a feeling that God approves of who we are and what we are doing? Ultimately, if I accomplish this level of happiness and closeness with God, I will feel as though I have lived a life of real substance and value. Fr. Robert Lawton said that this journey would be risky, and I believe him. In my mind, I see three potential risks that will need to be faced when journeying to discover how to be myself. I believe that if these three risks can be overcome, I will have accomplished somethin g great during my college education in addition to all of the knowledge I will gain. The first of these three risks is the risk that I will discover I am a very different person than I am now. We all have preconceived notions about our state of being. I have a whole list of likes and dislikes. One of my great failings is that I tend to be judgmental about those who have different tastes and values than myself. I catch myself forming opinions about others based on wholly superficial criteria more often than I care to admit. A nice pair of shoes, the type of car and the city or neighborhood a person lives in too often informs my opinion. The risk of journeying to discover my true self and being judgmental of others scares me because I may discover the things I have used to differentiate myself from others really do not matter to me anymore. I guess what I’m trying to say is, I like who I am right now. I recognize that I have much to learn but I am comfortable with me. The risk for me centers on discovering I’m not who I thought I was and that I might mourn the loss of my old self. I have no desire to look back on my high school self and be glad that I am no longer that person. I would like to think I have arrived at most of my authentic self at this point in my life, but I have the suspicion that everyone looks back on their high school self and has regrets. The risk of becoming your true self is you must necessarily reject portions of the person that you are today. To me, that sounds very uncomfortable. A second risk that needs to be overcome on the road to becoming my authentic self is the risk of defying expectations. I have a way I would like to see my life turn out. So do my family and friends. The risk of opening myself up to change is apparent when I realize that the change may disappoint some of the people I love. I will be exposed to new people and ideas at college. What if I find myself changing course and it is a course I’m not su re my loved ones will accept? I feel that taking this risk to find my true self will be perhaps the hardest. My family has always been loving and supportive. I would never want to disappoint them in any way. But according to the words of Fr. Robert Lawton, I may need to take that risk or I may be sacrificing my own happiness and relationship with God. A final risk I anticipate in this journey is never knowing when you have arrived at the journey’s end. How will I now when I have arrived? I know too many people from my parent’s and grandparent’s generation that seem to think their happiness lies in their new yoga class or the next protest movement they can join. They seem to be constantly seeking but never finding what they are looking for. I think they are looking for a sense of self. The risk for me looking to identify my true

Major Motivational Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major Motivational Theories - Research Paper Example This is because one needs highly motivated employees to get the work done. Well motivated employees are those who are keen to do excellent jobs because they feel that they have to. Their goal is to do their job, and that’s what managers need. Intrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that is driven by interest. The interest of the person itself is the drive to make the work his goal. The people who are intrinsically motivated jump on the task to improve their skills. The other type of motivation is the extrinsic kind. The interest of the person to complete the goal if he is extrinsically motivated is usually the things he might get after the goal is achieved, like rewards or punishment. For example, grades and winning are extrinsic motivational factors while studying something because one is indeed interested in that particular area is intrinsic There are many motivation theories that are practiced to have motivated employees. Three of them are discussed in this paper. Th ese theories are: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, and McGregor’s X/Y theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is perhaps the most popular and the most basic motivational theory. It was first discussed in Maslow’s 1943 study called A Theory of Human Motivation. It discusses the levels of human needs and how it is important in understanding these needs in order to manipulate the conditions of one’s employees for them to be good employees. It is often represented by a pyramid, with the needs starting from the bottom and ending at the tip with self actualization. The primary needs of a person are at the bottom of the pyramid, and that’s the physiological need. Then it progresses to safety, love, esteem and self-actualization. According to the hierarchy, one cannot achieve self-actualization if he did not fulfill the previous rung of the pyramid. This means that one should fulfill the physiological need, then the safe ty need, then the love need and then the esteem need in order to achieve self-actualization. Criticism of the theory is largely based on the postulate that the ranking of the â€Å"needs† aren’t really that accurate. Critics argue that food, shelter and other â€Å"physiological† needs are naturally instinctual and should not be included in the pyramid theory. They also say that the needs of a person referred to in this pyramid are largely for the American man. However, this information on motivation is quite important to managers as they would know what their people need, especially in an intercultural atmosphere. Since values and traditions differ, their needs as humans would definitely put a common thread on them, making them easier to motivate based on those commonalities. And even if the criticisms say something common on them, they are not as powerful. The second theory is the Herzberg’s two factor theory. According to this theory, there are two kin ds of motivations: the one that causes satisfaction and the one the causes dissatisfaction. It is also called-hygiene motivation. It is also called content theory motivation. He interviewed 200 accountants and engineers for this who were then asked to recall when they felt good or bad at their offices. From this, he concluded that the motivation of the employees lies on the hygiene factors and motivation factors. Hygiene factors are those things which are needed by

Role of Marriage in Society

Role of Marriage in Society Culture is defined as the dynamic system of rules established by groups (Matsumoto Juang, p. 10). Marriage is one of the norms established by people, which reflect attitude, beliefs and behaviors. Marriage is an interpersonal relationship with communal or religious acknowledgment which is often created as an agreement. Marriage is rooted effectually in almost every society except where common law partners are recognized. It is the bond that exclusively consents a sexual relationship, especially in collectivist countries where sex before marriage is considered a sin, likewise some societies, especially collectivist countries also require official approval of religious or civil body. Across cultures, the anatomies of ancestral standards are different. Beliefs of what comprises a family are based on culture, dynamics, assets, and ethics. In many cultures, extended family which includes married couples staying in the home of their parents is a form of showing love and respect for exampl e in Pakistan; marriage is also basis for having children in those societies. Since issues like fornication and having children outside of marriage is considered taboo so to grow a family in collectivist cultures getting married is must. Our attributions, interpersonal and romantic relationships and group behaviors are all influenced by the culture we live in thus resulting in the attitudes we have towards a specific actions we take. Support gap, depression and illness including marital satisfaction, communication pattern and attitudes towards marriage, they all differ across cultures and will be discussed. Attitude towards marriage being the most important one, because the whole idea of relationship relies on the individuals perspective and preferences. It depends on the individual to see it as a social foundation which administer structure, support, growth and stability or see it as an economic arrangement or as a part of religious institution. The western society might pay more importance to love whereas collectivist cultures might see as an obligatory and as a religious foundation to have family. Spousal Social Support: Social support for women is greatly reduced in machismo cultures (Matsumoto Juang, p. 198). The conformity and obedience are expected by women and is related to traditional gender roles that females and males have occupied; with male traditionally being in power. Such differences result in loss of support especially in cultures where women tend to get married at a young age; since getting married at an early age is a form of economic survival it is also seen as a way to guard the female gender and to administer some adherence in settings where society is under pressure for example India. The support a married couple gets from their significant partner is substantial, because support from outside the marriage does not compensate for the lack of spousal support (Xu Burleson). Belle (1982) termed support gap hypothesis which is that women receive less support from their husband compared to men even though the study Belle did was in 1980 and it has been almost a decade, the study done by Xu and Burleson indicates that social change in sex role relations has not changed. The different kinds of support received are emotional support, esteem support, network support, tangible support and informational support. Research indicates that men are less comfortable and less skilled in discussing distressed emotional state (Burda Vaux 1987; Saurer Eisler, 1990; Trobst, Collins Embree, 1994). In Cross Cultural comparison of social support, Mortneson (1999) found that members of the American individualistic cultures viewed seeking of social support as more appropriate means of coping with problems than did members of the Chinese collectivist cultures. American individualists also rated the provision of emotional support as more appropriate form of emotional support than did Chinese Collectivists. Study done by Xu and Burleson, included 100 native born Americans and 102 native born Chinese; 45% of the sample were between 18-24 yrs of age and not exceeding 33 years. All participants were recently married i.e. not more than 5 years. The study tried to obtain desired and experienced levels of spousal support for the five types of social support (emotional, esteem, network, informational and tangible). Participants also responded to demographic questions that provided information on age, sex, race, national origin, length of time they had known their spouse and the time they have been married. The results indicated a vast difference between Chinese support system vs. American support system; Chinese men reported getting more esteem and network support from their spouse than Chinese women versus American women who experienced higher level of support from their spouse than did men. Sex differences were found amongst Chinese and American women, both face a support gap but Chinese wom en face an additional gap with respect to network support. The results provided Cross-cultural corroboration for the existence of support gaps, i.e. the less network support for Chinese wives that is because Chinese wives were reliant on their husbands for social contacts outside their home. Chinese also reported in getting more information support than did Americans, which could arise from Individualism-Collectivism; a cultural factor. Americans view intimate relationship in terms of personal affect changes whereas Chinese in terms of connection with community. American men reported getting low level of spousal support than Chinese men that is because in traditional value system, wives have an obligation to support the egos and social connections of their husbands and husbands have lesser responsibility. Results indicate that marriage remains more influenced by traditional values among Chinese men than Americans. Depression and Illness including Marital Satisfaction across Cultures In collectivist societies, marriage is the central reality of a womans life and the blue print on which her life depends. Epidemiological studies confirm the special vulnerability of women, especially married women, in South Asia (Johnson Johnson, 2001). High rates of domestic violence (Jejeebhoy, 1998); female illiteracy, malnutrition, anemia and maternal mortality are major public health problems (Buckshee, 1997). Psychiatric epidemiological studies consistently identify high rates of depression and other neurotic illnesses in women and the gender ratio of these disorders on the subcontinent is higher than the gender ratio in the West (Mumford et al., 1996). Among married women in Pakistan, especially among newly married women, attempted suicide (Khan Reza, 1998) and death rates from murder and suicide are higher than in are higher than in many other societies and are usually associated with in-law conflicts, especially dowry disputes (Kumar, 2004). Smaller scale studies of menta l health and illness have found that a variety of disorders such as depression and post-partum depression were strongly associated with marital problems, particularly maltreatment by husband or in-laws (Patel et al., 2002; Ulrich, 1987). Women immigrants report higher rates of depression and dysphoria than Native American women (Karasz, 2005). A study of traditional South Asian immigrant women and white European American women found that European American women viewed depressive symptoms as the result of personality structures shaped by childhood experiences, or by patho-physiological processes such as serotonin deficiency or hormonal imbalance. South Asian women, by contrast, viewed depressive illness as a normal emotional reaction to severe situational stress, especially marital distress, and to the vulnerabilities associated with womens gender roles (Karasz, 2005). The present study by Karasz examines how women understand the link of marital family problems and a wide range of health problems by examining their conceptual representations of the causal relationship between marriage roles, health and illness. Using qualitative methods and a model of illness representation from health psychology literature, 35 traditional South Asian immigrant women living in New York City were interviewed. Results indicated that problems associated with marriage roles, including marital and marital family conflict, domestic overwork and isolation were viewed as extremely serious and were associated conceptually with a variety of health problems. In another study done by Qadir, De Silva, Prince and Khan, tested the applicability of marital satisfaction scales developed in the West for use in Pakistan. The results indicate that, contrary to cultural beliefs regarding marriage, most women expressed the need to be satisfied within marriage, which was found to be extremely low because of variety of reasons such as living in an extended family background and low spousal support. Communication Patterns Rehman and Munroe did a study and used cross-cultural methodology to examine the demand-withdraw pattern of marital communication. In Western countries, women make more demands, whereas men are more likely to withdraw. This advanced marital structure hypothesis suggests that this pattern can be altered by gender roles and beliefs, particularly in traditional marriages (Rehman Munroe, 2006). To test such hypotheses, the authors conducted an observational study of marital communication across very different cultures, with varying levels of patriarchy (i.e., 50 White American couples, 52 Pakistani couples in Pakistan, and 48 immigrant Pakistani couples in America). A questionnaire was used to gather demographic information, such as age and education. The Short Marital Adjustment Test (SMAT; Locke Wallace, 1959); a standard measure of marital adjustment with well-established psychometric properties was the measure of marital satisfaction level. The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, 1979); was used to screen out violent couples. Modified General Ethnicity Questionnaire (GEQ; Tsai, Ying, Lee, 2000); only the immigrant couples completed this measure of acculturation to U.S. culture. Unable to find acculturation measures designed for The Desired Changes Questionnaire; the DCQ was used to choose topics for each couple to discuss during their marital interactions. Twenty areas are listed (e.g., Get together with my friends).3 For each area, spouses rated how much they wanted their partner to change (1- no change; 7- much more); they then listed at least two additional issues on which they wanted partner change and rank ordered their three most important issues. Each couple was also asked to discuss for 7.5 minutes, which were later coded. Across cultures, demand-withdraw communication was related to marital distress, extending previous findings to new groups. The results for demanding behaviors showed that Pakistani wives were significantly more likely to engage in unassertive demands than were American wives, whereas American wives were significantly more likely to use aggressive demands than were Pakistani wives. In addition, among Pakistani and immigrant couples, husbands were significantly more likely than were wives to use aggressive demands, whereas American wives were significantly more likely to use aggressive demands than were American husbands. There was a trend for American husbands to be more likely to withdraw than their wives. In contrast, in the Pakistani group, wives were significantly more likely to withdraw than were husbands. In addition, Pakistani and immigrant wives were significantly more likely to withdraw than were American wives, whereas American husbands were significantly more likely to with draw than were Pakistani husbands. Pakistani and immigrant wives showed increased withdrawal and made more unassertive demands, whereas Pakistani and immigrant husbands withdrew less and made more aggressive demands. Attitudes towards Marriage Attitude is one of the definitions in Jungs Chapter XI of Psychological Types. Jungs description of attitude is a readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way (Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 687). One of the types of attitudes Jung describes is, rational attitude, which is reason as an attitude (Jung, [1921] 1971: par. 785). Rational attitude is subdivided into thinking and feeling and irrational is subdivided into sensing and intuition. Attitude towards marriage involves, readiness to act in a certain way, whether you are capable of considering it rationally or irrationally. Why an individual chooses to get married? (voluntarily and involuntarily) differs across cultures. In collectivist cultures, it is seen as the only way of having family, fornication is not only considered a sin but also an individual can be severely punished which can lead to his/her death; some countries also have laws protecting it for example Saudi Arabia. Higgins, Zheng, Liu and Sun did a study to compare the attitude towards marriage amongst people living in China (collective culture) and United Kingdom (individualistic culture). The British sample consisted of 338 students and the Chinese sample consisted of 505 students. A questionnaire was devised by Chinese and English researchers working together. Respondent cultural differences in response style were noted (Higgins, Zheng, Liu Sun, 2002). According to Triandis, Brislin, and Hui (1988), people who belong to collectivist, group-oriented societies are more likely to value harmony, face-saving, modesty, and moderation and this may manifest itself in neutral answers to attitude scales. Respondents were asked for their opinion using a 5-point Likert scale. In this study, students were asked for their general attitude to sex before marriage. A total of 46.3% of Chinese men and 41.2% of Chinese women gave neutral answers, a higher percentage of Chinese female students (46.9%) were aga inst sex before marriage than were Chinese male students (29.9%). The next statements concerned the connection between premarital sex and marriage. Most British students (85.2% men, 91.3% women) disagreed with A couple who have had sexual intercourse before marriage ought to marry each other, whereas only a few Chinese (12.9% men, 11.4% women) disagreed. The belief that sex is designed for marriage is still firmly held by many Chinese people and exerts a strong influence on their attitudes (Higgins, Zheng, Liu Sun, 2002). When asked about their willingness to marry a partner who had had sex with somebody else, over half of the British respondents (54.0% men, 50.6% women) did not seem to worry about their partners previous sexual experience whereas their Chinese counterparts (34.0% men, 36.5% women) appeared to be less agreeable to the idea. 87.1% male and female 94.3% students were against freedom to have lovers within marriage. This attitude was also prevalent among the Chinese sample, with 65.6% of men and 72.5% of women against extramarital lovers, this study showed that these male-superior norms still exist in the U.K. sample but are more prominent in the Chinese sample (Higgins, Zheng, Liu Sun, 2002). Culture exerts a strong influence on peoples attitudes to love, marriage, and sex. People from a more traditional society (e.g. China) have more consensus about the gender roles of men and women; adhere more to traditional morality and values; and are less open about sexual freedom (Higgins, Zheng, Liu Sun, 2002). Hojat, Shapurian, Shafeyhain and Parsi conducted a study amongst 160 Iranian immigrants in the US in 2000. The immigrants were between 20 -50 years of age, questionnaires were given which included 25 questions regarding attitude towards marriage and relationship. Results showed that Iranian immigrant men were more likely than female partners to view premarital sex, marriage and family from a traditional point of view. Another interesting study done by Wiesel and Krenawi consisted of 150 participants of different cultural backgrounds i.e. 29 were Druze, 32 were Muslims and 33 were Christians; 44 were women and 50 were men with a mean age of 34. The questionnaires were designed to reveal attitudes toward love, the marriage expectation scale, potency scale, which will reveal the control of things, and mate selection scale which revealed how the person took initiative in getting married (love or arranged). Results indicated Muslims saw love as less important for marital quality than did Druze and Christians, Muslims more than other groups correlated independent decision making with marital quality, attitude toward love and marital quality were weakly correlated among Muslims, the necessity to beget off spring and unity between families were high amongst Muslims than other groups suggesting what might keep the families together in the absence of love. The results also suggested that arranged marriages are negatively associated with marital satisfaction and low level of marital satisfaction was related with low level of education. Discussion Through a variety of perceptions, one develops an exclusive analogue of what marriage is; and the ancillary ideals concerning marriage. My mother always said that successful marriage depends on two things: finding the right person and being the right person. Since I am a Muslim, I will give several quotations from Quran; which I support as my belief and my idea of a perfect family and what a perfect husband and wife should be like. Though I must admit with time, I have come to realize that to be perfect; one must have to sacrifice a lot and since marriage is a two way street one has to give a lot in order to get anything. In Islam, marriage is treated as half-faith. When a servant of Allah marries, he has completed half of his religious obligations, and he must fear Allah in order to complete the second half (al-Baihaqi). Prophet Muhammad has also said, Marriage is part of my *Sunnah, whoever runs away from my path is not from among us. Husbands and wives are compared as garments to each other (al-Quran 2:187) Marriage gives tranquility (al-Quran 30:21) of mind in the spouses. Allah has prescribed marriage as the only way for conjugal relationship and family life in human society (al-Quran 2:221, 5:5, 24:33). With enough being said of the significance of marriage in Islam, its a shame to see that Muslim women face higher suicidal rate than men in Pakistan (Khan Reza, 1998). Most marriages in Pakistan are arranged by parents and other elders of family, with the woman having little or no say in the selection of her partner. Premarital meetings between couples are rare. Many couples meet each other for the first time on their wedding night. Newly married couples share the house with the grooms family, having little time or space of their own. Once married, a woman is under increasing pressure from her in-laws as well as her own family to have children as soon as possible, preferably in the first year. If for some reason the woman cannot have children, the threat of divorce or the husband taking on a second wife (allowed in Islam) is not uncommon. The divorce rate in Pakistan is quite low 0.3 per 1000 population (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1996, p. 686) but this does not reflect the true state of marriages. There is considerable stigma to divorce, especially for the woman. In addition, few women work outside their homes or have jobs that give them economic independence. Because most of the South Asian and Middle Eastern countries give high power to men, the spousal support is something that men living in these countries expect from women. Being a housewife, taking care of kids and most of all thinking of women as inferior is something common amongst these men. Because the families live together, there is not privacy, which gives rise to poor communication amongst married couples. My marriage was an arranged, it wasnt that my parents didnt ask me of my approval; or if I didnt get a chance to talk to my husband, before getting married, that is something that a women in Islam has the right to do and people; who are uneducated living in impoverished societies, deprive women of these right which gives rise to many social and marital problems. I must admit though, that living in an extended joined family, gave my husband and me little or no time for us, our life was going around in circles to which I always thought was no ending. But, being educated and having a liberal thinking we always made sure there was at least if not all, some privacy left, some matters that only me and my husband would discuss behind closed doors. While doing research for this paper, I sadly have to confess that women living in Asian or Middle eastern countries do suffer more, which didnt come to me as a surprise because Ive lived in Pakistan and have seen it all, but my question and concer n was who will ever put a stop to all this nonsense?. Sadly, women is a victim in these countries but women are also who are perpetuating these hatred and violence in the household. A woman can take many forms, she can be a daughter, a mother in law, a sister in law, a wife, an aunt etc. most importantly she is the one who raises a child to be the kind of person she wants to see him as; unfortunately in countries like Pakistan and India, it is the woman (mother in law) who forces their child to be stern and harsh to their wives, I think its because of the fact that they cant stand the undivided attention of their sons or maybe they think keeping a women under control will only bring out the best for their sons. Who will ever think of these women who are ignored?

The Virtue and Vice of Reason in Mores Utopia Essay -- Thomas More Ut

The Virtue and Vice of Reason in  More's Utopia   When reason permeates society, it does not necessarily imply greater happiness. When brought to the point of rationalization, or when there are errors in the analysis used in reasoning, reason tends to have adverse effects. On the other hand, when analysis is well thought out, and the correct conclusions are drawn, reason can have an overwhelmingly positive effect on a society. Many may think that Sir Thomas More's Utopia infers that reason must be the foundation, and even the preoccupation, of any perfect society. In fact, according to Dr. Evans, More's contemporaries had no doubt that More was attempting to depict a perfect society, one firmly based upon the precepts of reason. However, More injects several major flaws in the Utopian system, which subverts the possibility of that society being truly ideal. In his attempt to expose the inherent limitations of reason, More presents us with the Utopian society, which both benefits and loses from reason in their handling of material we alth, religious toleration, and respect for human life. More uses the Utopians' total rejection of material wealth to present the possibility of reason overcoming petty greed. The Utopians' realization that material wealth has little value is, at least on face, one of the higher pinnacles of their civilization. As Raphael says, "Nor can they understand how a totally useless substance like gold should now, all over the world, be considered far more important than human beings . . ." (89). With this statement, Raphael is pointing out one of the great flaws of any capitalistic society, that human beings often pursue gold and riches at the expense of human dignity and morality. Some human beings, ... ...posing ideas within it, Thomas More is not only exposing the limits of reason, but he is encouraging intellectual discourse and diversity of opinions. He is challenging individuals and society as a whole to not accept the so-called "perfect society," but to think about the consequences that would occur if a Utopian system were to be adopted. Yet he presents to us the notion that even reason has its limitations and is only as good as the person who analyzes the situation. There is no perfect society, no perfect individual, and certainly no Utopia, but that does not mean that we should not strive toward that end. When we use reason, a perfect state of society, or a perfect individual is by no means guaranteed, but at least it's a step in the right direction. Works Cited: More, Thomas. Utopia, ed. And trans. HVS Ogden. AHM Publishing Corporation, Illinois, 1949.

Aggression Behavior in Sports By John Dorsa

Aggressive Behavior in Sports By John Dorsa University of Louisiana at Lafayette KNES 443 11/16/12 Aggressive Behavior in Sports In the dictionary, aggression is defined as â€Å"a behavior that is forceful, hostile, or attacking. There have been studies showing the connection between aggressive behavior and sports. According to Singh and Tomar’s â€Å"Aggression in Athletics: A Comparative Study†, aggression in today’s society is applauded rather than shunned. Sports are the only place, outside of war, where aggression is acceptable. The attitude is to â€Å"win at all costs†.Most aggression results from frustration. Some aggression, where people are injured, outside of the rules of the game, is becoming a problem in today’s society. However, not all aggression is bad. The word â€Å"aggression† is derived from Latin and means â€Å"to work towards†. Coaches were surveyed and asked to list qualities of a successful athlete. Aggressio n was high on the list of all of the coaches. Sports give aggressive people the opportunity to let off some steam, in an organized fashion, rather than having a person act out in society.Aggressive people need some form of physical contact or competition, and sports give them the perfect opportunity to channel their anger towards some good. An athlete needs some type of aggression because it is what motivates that athlete to perform to their best ability. Sports, such as football, require so much physical contact that players need to play with some passion; otherwise they are no good to their team. An aggressive person is highly motivated, demonstrates great realize of physical energy, and not inhibited by fear of potential injury. This does not only apply to playing physical.Mental aggression is also a key in sports. Having aggressive behavior can benefit athletes because it allows them to get into their opponents’ heads, thus giving them an advantage. However, verbal aggres sion can be bad as well. Too much talking can lead to an altercation where someone can get hurt. Therefore, aggressive behavior is vital in all aspects of sports. A sports competition without aggression is like a body without a soul. Frank, M. , Gilovich, T. (1988) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 54(1), (pp. 74-75). Abstract: Black is viewed as the color of evil and death in virtually all cultures.With this association in mind, we were interested in whether a cue as subtle as the color of a person's clothing might have a significant impact on his or her behavior. To test this possibility, we examined whether professional football and ice hockey teams that wear black uniforms are more aggressive than those that wear nonblack uniforms. An analysis of the penalty records of the National Football League and the National Hockey League indicates that teams with black uniforms in both sports ranked near the top of their leagues in penalties throughout the period of study.On t hose occasions when a team switched from nonblack to black uniforms, the switch was accompanied by an immediate increase in penalties. The results of two laboratory experiments indicate that this finding can be attributed to both social perception and self-perception processes—that is, to the biased judgments of referees and to the increased aggressiveness of the players themselves. Our discussion focuses on the theoretical implications of these data for an understanding of the variable, or â€Å"situated,† nature of the self. Are teams with black uniforms more aggressive than teams with nonblack uniforms?Because black is seen as a color of evil in most cultures, it is believed that the color black brings out a more aggressive side to a person. Therefore, teams wear black uniforms as a form of intimidation. However, is there really a connection between black uniforms and aggressive play? This article debates whether or not teams that wear black uniforms are considered more aggressive than teams with lighter color uniforms. Research was done in the National Football League and National Hockey League, because those are two of the most physical sports in American Society.After analysis, researchers found that there was a direct correlation between black uniforms and penalties. The Oakland Raiders wear black uniforms and they were called for more penalties than a team with non-black uniforms in the 1988 NFL season. Therefore, teams with black uniforms are more aggressive than teams with nonblack uniforms. The results of this study indicate that both social perception and self-perception are affected by the use of black uniforms. An example of social perception is when someone sees a person wearing all black, that person’s first thought is that the person is very dark and probably an unpleasant person.Also, if a team shows up to a game in all black, there is good chance the other team could be intimidated by the team in black. Thus, giving the team in black a competitive edge before the game has even started. Self-perception is the way you view yourself. When someone puts on a black jersey, they feel much tougher than if the jerseys were a lighter color, such as yellow or green. That attitude of toughness can directly translate into the game. The player wearing black will play more physical because of his self-perception of wearing black jerseys.If you feel good about yourself, you are going to do better because you are confident. The same can be applied with black jerseys. When you are wearing a black jersey there is a sense of aggressiveness that goes with it. The Oakland Raiders are a good example for this theory. The Raiders wear all black jerseys with silver numbers, and are known as a very physical football team. Also, their stadium is called â€Å"The Black Hole†, which is a very tough stadium to play in due to the team’s die-hard fans, who also wear black. This makes â€Å"The Black Hole† a ve ry intimidating place to play.In sports, there must be a high level of aggression in order to play well. Aggressive play is a key factor in all elite sports. Playing with violent passion can help set the tone for the entire game. Being aggressive gives a player a mental and physical edge over an opponent. Singh, R. , Tomar, R, (2009). Aggression in Athletics: A Comparative Study. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport/Science, Movement and Health. 12(1), (pp. 31-35). Abstract: By nature human beings are competive and ambitious for the excellence in all athletic performances.Not only every man but every nation wants to show their supremacy by challenging the other nation. Thus these challenges stimulates, inspires, and motivates all the nations to sweat and strive to run faster, jump higher, throw further in present competitive sports world. Aggression has long been a part ofthe sports domain. Outside of wartime, sport is perhaps the only setting in which acts of interpersonal aggression are not only tolerated but enthusiastically applauded by large segment of society. In fact Lorenz advocates that sport ought to be substitute for war.In other words, because all competitive sports situations hold some degree of hostility between opponents, participants in them allows aggression to be dissipated in an acceptable manner. In this study, throwers and jumpers, of the 65th All India Interuniversity meet, were given questionnaires to determine how much aggression each group had. It was discovered that the throwers were more aggressive than the jumpers. The main reason for throwers being more aggressive could be the use of implements in all the throwing events which might create more aggression in athletes as compared to jumpers.Further, the physique and body structure of throwers could be other reasons for aggressiveness in throwers than in jumpers. However, it was determined that both athletes have some form of aggression. Because of sports in today’s society, it seems that it is acceptable to show aggressive behavior. By nature human beings are competitive and ambitious for the excellence in all athletic performances. Outside of wartime, sports are the only setting in which acts of aggression are not only tolerated, but applauded by society.There was found to be different levels of aggression depending on which sport. Aggression is derived from Latin and means â€Å"to work towards†. This is usually the goal of a team, to â€Å"work towards† a common goal. â€Å"An aggressive act can be defined as those which the athlete (1) is highly motivated (2) demonstrate the great realize of physical energy, and / or (3) is not inhibited by fear of potential fracture or injury† (J. M. Silva et al, 1984). When coaches were surveyed about what qualities make up a successful athlete, aggression was very high on that list among all coaches.Most aggression results from frustration, but when channeled correct ly in sports, it can be very beneficial for an athlete. The athlete will be more motivated when they are angry and will show great energy. Sports competition without aggression is like a body without a soul. In other words, there must be some form of aggression in sports or it wouldn’t be able to work. The results of this study will be helpful for coaches in assessing the aggression of their players and plan training programs accordingly. Dziubinski, Z. (2007). A Sociological Attempt at Explaining Aggression in Sport.Research Yearbook. 13(2), (pp. 204-205). Abstract: This paper discusses the phenomenon of aggression in sport from a sociological point of view. The phenomenon is explained with classic sociological terms such as socialization, social control, conformism and deviance. Among other things, the paper employs the functionalistic-structuralist theory and symbolic interactionism. Apart from describing the mechanisms which generate aggression/deviance, the paper also pr oposes activities which may help moderate aggressive behaviors of sport supporters.The writers unequivocally establish that the most efficient and far-reaching way to prevent aggression in stadiums is not repression and penalization, but prevention in form of projects meant to enhance and consolidate socialization mechanisms. Giddens describes the socialization process as â€Å"the process people learn and acquire skills, norms, values, and patterns of behavior, they mold their personalities and define their own identities, they learn specific attitudes and specific social roles† (Dziubinski 205). People become what societies they live in want them to be.Sometimes people do not become what it is that society wants of them. When a person strays away from the norm, their behavior is known as deviant. This article will focus on negative deviance , including aggressive behaviors of fans and football players. Aggressive behavior of a football supporter is an example of deviant beh avior. The supporters’ ultimate goal is to achieve a victory in the game. However, appropriate measures are not always taken, such as good and efficient team play. Deviant supporters will harass players on the other team in order to get in their opponents’ heads.The behavior of the supporter is different from the norm and turns into criminal offenses. Efforts should not be focused on putting away these deviants, but creating an atmosphere that is advantageous for socialization. This can be said for athletes as well. Many elite athletes come from a bad childhood, in which crimes are being committed everywhere. These kids try to fit into the norm, which in this case, is a deviant norm. The children grow up around all of this violence and believe that this is normal life. The person then begins acting aggressive in society. The supporter identifies himself or herself as a deviant and perceives the deviant behavior as socially accepted, which pushes the person even deeper into the role† (Dziubinski 207). According to this article, the solution is to show the person an advantageous condition to let out their aggression. For example, if someone is naturally aggressive, they should be introduced to a contact sport, such as football, so that they can channel that anger into a positive. By doing this, the norm is changing for the person.That person realizes that the previous behavior is not accepted, and therefore, can change their ways. For many athletes this was the case. They realized that the way they were acting would not end well for them. They have seen too many of their friends either end up in prison or dead, thus motivating the person to make a change for the better. Football is a perfect sport for an inherently aggressive person due to the amount of contact in the sport. This is an easy transition to make because they can still go out and hit people within the context of the game.This socialization will help keep a person out of trouble, while still conforming to the norm of society. Schwery, R. , Cade, D. (2009). Sport as a Social Laboratory to Cure Anomie and Prevent Violence. European Sport Management Quarterly. 9(4), (pp. 469-482). Abstract: Sport's relationship with aggression, violence and hooliganism is not a new phenomenon. Evidence suggests that it has existed ever since competition began in ancient civilizations. Sport is a mirror of society. With the process of civilization, sport has no doubt become less brutal.In the last few decades there has been a growing interest in sport's use as a catalyst for development. This article discusses the therapeutic role that sport can have to cure a general loss of orientation (anomie) and to prevent aggression and violence. Its success depends on guidance and the rules that are set for institutionalized sport. The article attempts to highlight how government, NGOs and sport organizations can work together to use stadiums and other sport-settings as a social laborator y. â€Å"Rapid social change can lead to a general lack of orientation among a broad egment of people. This state of being defines the concept of anomie† (Atteslander, Gransow, and Western, 1999). Anomie leads to difficulties in individual adaptation, resulting in a loss of general social orientation, reinforced feelings of insecurity and marginalization, the cultivation of false expectations or feelings of relative deprivation. This leads to violence and different forms of deviant behavior. In a modernized society, there is a growing need for outlets to release negative emotions. Conflicts are a normal phenomenon in every society. Preventing them is not enough.Encouraging people to channel malignant aggression into some form of productive communication is a key to reducing violence. It is possible to bring people together through sport. However, there is a difference between â€Å"malignant and benign aggression† (Fromm, 1991, p. 212). Malignant aggression aims to inj ure an opponent. Whereas benign aggression aims to achieve a sporting goal, such as winning games. When someone adopts a form of benign aggression, without the intent to injure someone, it is viewed by society as a pronounced level of assertiveness. This is the goal of social change.Social change has an enormous impact on social development in general and on individual well-being. This challenges people to re-orientate themselves in a constantly changing world. Sports can not only teach people how to channel their anger into benign aggression, but also teaches the necessity of teamwork. Grange, P. , Kerr, J. (2009). Athlete to Athlete Verbal Aggression. International Journal of Sport Communication. 2(3), (pp. 360-373). Abstract: This case study examined interpersonal communication in sport in the form of verbal aggression among elite athletes in the Australian Football League (AFL).It focused on the experience and motivation of athletes who use athlete-to-athlete verbal aggression a nd the responses of athletes who have been the targets of verbal aggression during games. In addition, the reasons athletes have for not engaging in verbal aggression were also examined. Purposive sampling procedures produced a select sample of elite male athletes known for their aggressive approach to playing Australian football. Qualitative methods and deductive analysis procedures, informed by J. H. Kerr's categories of sport aggression, were used to interpret the interview data.Meaningful insights into verbal aggression in the AFL were obtained. Based on the underlying motivation, interview transcript descriptions of incidents were identified as examples of power, thrill, and anger verbal aggression. This article’s primary purpose was to investigate verbal aggression among elite Australian footballers, identified as being the most aggressive. This article focused on a) athletes who use verbal aggression, when they use it, and their reasoning, b) athletes who do not use ve rbal aggression and their reasons for not doing so, and c) athletes’ responses to verbal aggression directed at them by opposing players.In sports, there is not only physical aggression, but also, verbal aggression. Verbal aggression is used in order to get in the heads of one’s opponents and officials. The most aggressive acts in the Australian Football League were found to be negative verbalization directed at officials and verbal abuse between athletes. The verbal aggression against officials was mainly due to poor calls. Verbal aggression between athletes was found to occur most frequently after the most severe physically aggressive acts. Verbal attacking is most often used to try to intimidate opposing athletes.Players who do not use verbal aggression would retaliate against verbal aggression with physicality, but within the laws of the game. This is not always the case though. â€Å"That’s right, he’d be going on and I’d just say ‘Yeah , no worries keep it coming’ and it just came to a head on that day. I called his bluff and got the result†¦ I let my actions do the talking. I could see right through him†¦ He was trying to intimidate me†¦ We went toe to toe, and it worked out for me. † (Grange, Kerr 367). This is an example of when verbal abuse causes a retaliatory physical aggression, outside the laws of the game.It is important for psychologists to recognize those differences. Verbal aggression may provoke a violent physically aggressive response in some athletes. The use of anger-management strategies to improve self-discipline and self-control could help such athletes not respond to verbal aggression. Conclusion Aggression can be seen in all aspects of sports. It is one of the best qualities an athlete can have to be successful. Aggression helps keep athletes motivated to perform better. It helps keep a team focused on a common goal, which is to win. For the most part, it is used as an intimidation technique.For example, the Oakland Raiders wearing all black jerseys in order to get in the heads of their opponents is a form of aggressive behavior that aims to intimidate opponents. Also, verbal aggression has been noticed between athletes. Athletes will verbally abuse one another just to get a competitive edge. Sometimes too much verbal aggression can lead to fights on the field, causing ejections and injuries to athletes. Aggression in society is becoming a problem as well. Rapid social change can lead to a general lack of orientation among people in the world.This is known as â€Å"anomie†. This leads to difficulties in socialization for individuals who stray from the norm. Many aggressive people show deviant behavior, which could lead to them getting arrested or killed. There is a growing need for outlets to release negative emotions. Sports are a great way for aggressive people to take their anger out in a way that they cannot get in trouble, especial ly in a society that applauds aggressive behavior. It also helps social deviants to stay out of trouble on the streets. However, there is a good aggression and a bad one.Malignant aggression aims to injure an opponent, outside of the rules. Whereas benign aggression serves as a means to achieve a goal in sports, such as winning the game. When someone adopts a form of benign aggression, without intent to injure, it is viewed as a more pronounced level of assertiveness. Aggressive behavior is vital in all aspects of sports, and when channeled correctly, can be a very beneficial quality for an athlete. Reference page Frank, M. , Gilovich, T. (1988) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 54(1), (pp. 74-75). Singh, R. , Tomar, R, (2009).Aggression in Athletics: A Comparative Study. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport/Science, Movement and Health. 12(1), (pp. 31-35). Dziubinski, Z. (2007). A Sociological Attempt at Explaining Aggression in Sport. Research Yearbook. 13(2), (pp. 204-205). Schwery, R. , Cade, D. (2009). Sport as a Social Laboratory to Cure Anomie and Prevent Violence. European Sport Management Quarterly. 9(4), (pp. 469-482). Grange, P. , Kerr, J. (2009). Athlete to Athlete Verbal Aggression. International Journal of Sport Communication. 2(3), (pp. 360-373).